The anthropocene as a geological time unit : a guide to the scientific evidence and current debate /


edited by Jan Zalasiewicz [and three others].
Bok Engelsk 2019 · Electronic books.
Medvirkende
Omfang
1 online resource (xiv, 361 pages) : : digital, PDF file(s).
Utgave
1st ed.
Opplysninger
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 01 Mar 2019).. - Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Figure credits -- 1 History and Development of the Anthropocene as a Stratigraphic Concept -- 1.1 A General Introduction to the Anthropocene -- 1.2 History of the Anthropocene Concept -- 1.3 Stratigraphy and the Geological Time Scale -- 1.3.1 Defining Units of the Geological Time Scale: Some Examples -- 1.3.1.1 Beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon (and Base of the Phanerozoic Eonothem) -- 1.3.1.2 Beginning of the Silurian Period (and Base of the Silurian System) -- 1.3.1.3 The Mesozoic-Cenozoic Era Boundary -- 1.3.1.4 The Paleocene-Eocene Epoch Boundary -- 1.3.1.5 The Neogene-Quaternary Period Boundary -- 1.3.1.6 The Pleistocene-Holocene Epoch Boundary -- 1.3.1.7 Lessons -- 1.4 The Utility of Formalisation of the Anthropocene for Science -- 1.4.1 Utility for Geology -- 1.4.2 Scientific Utility beyond Geology -- 1.4.3 Scientific Utility beyond Natural Sciences -- 1.4.3.1 The Example of International Law Scholarship -- 1.4.3.2 The Example of Public Health Science -- 1.4.4 The Utility of the Formalisation of the Anthropocene for Science: Key Distinctions -- 2 Stratigraphic Signatures of the Anthropocene -- 2.1 Rock Components - Synthetic Mineral-Like Compounds -- 2.1.1 Deep-Time Context -- 2.1.2 Novel Human-Made 'Minerals' -- 2.1.3 Mineral Textures and Habits -- 2.1.4 Significance to Stratigraphic Definition and Wider Aspects -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Rock Types -- 2.2.1 Concrete -- 2.2.2 Brick -- 2.2.3 Ceramics -- 2.2.4 Asphalt/Bitumen -- 2.2.5 Anthropogenic Rock Types as Marker for the Anthropocene -- 2.3 Novel Materials as Particulates -- 2.3.1 Fly Ash -- 2.3.1.1 Fly Ash in Natural Archives -- 2.3.1.2 Fly Ash as a Marker for the Anthropocene -- 2.3.2 Glass Microspheres -- 2.3.2.1 Glass Microspheres as a Signal of the Anthropocene.. - 2.4 Black Carbon and Primary Organic Carbon from Combustion -- 2.5 Artificial Ground, or Ground Modified by Humans -- 2.5.1 Classification Schemes -- 2.5.2 Environments for Accumulation of Artificial Ground -- 2.5.2.1 Habitations -- 2.5.2.2 Burial and Ceremonial Sites -- 2.5.2.3 Domestic Refuse -- 2.5.2.4 Transport Routes -- 2.5.2.5 Mineral-Extraction Waste -- 2.5.2.6 Industrial Development -- 2.5.2.7 Water Supplies and Sewerage -- 2.5.2.8 Flood Defences and Coastal Reclamation Schemes -- 2.5.2.9 Warfare -- 2.6 Magnetostratigraphy -- 2.6.1 Geomagnetic Variation -- 2.6.2 Mineral Magnetism and Land-Use Change -- 2.6.3 Mineral Magnetism and Pollution -- 2.7 A Pedology and Pedostratigraphy for the Anthropocene -- 2.7.1 Introduction -- 2.7.2 A Brief History of Agricultural Soils -- 2.7.3 The Bridge from Pedology to Anthropedology -- 2.7.4 Summary -- 2.8 Changes to Holocene/Anthropocene Patterns of Sedimentation from Terrestrial to Marine -- 2.8.1 Introduction to Anthropocene River and Lake Deposits -- 2.8.1.1 River Deposits -- 2.8.1.2 Lake Deposits -- 2.8.2 Quaternary vs. Anthropocene Sediment Fluxes -- 2.8.2.1 Pleistocene -- 2.8.2.2 Holocene -- 2.8.2.3 Anthropocene -- 2.8.3 Dam and Reservoir Sedimentation -- 2.8.4 Delta Deposition -- 2.8.4.1 Holocene Deltas -- 2.8.4.2 Human Occupation of Deltas -- 2.8.4.3 Anthropocene Deltas -- 2.8.4.4 Anthropocene Deltaic Deposits -- 2.8.5 Marine Settings -- 2.8.5.1 Marine Settings -- 2.8.5.2 Stratigraphically Significant Human Impacts -- 2.8.5.3 Summary -- 3 The Biostratigraphic Signature of the Anthropocene -- 3.1 Fossils as Markers of Geological Boundaries -- 3.2 Late Quaternary Extinctions -- 3.2.1 The Megafauna -- 3.2.2 More Recent Patterns of Extinction and Extirpation in Seas, in Lakes, on Land and on Islands -- 3.3 The Biostratigraphic Signal of the Neobiota -- 3.3.1 Aquatic Neobiotic Species.. - 3.3.2 Terrestrial Neobiota -- 3.3.2.1 Plants -- 3.3.2.2 Animals -- 3.3.2.3 Microbiota as Disease Vectors -- 3.3.3 Neobiota-Based Biostratigraphies -- 3.3.3.1 San Francisco Bay -- 3.3.3.2 Kaua'i, Hawaii -- 3.4 Using the State of Reefs for Anthropocene Stratigraphy: An Ecostratigraphic Approach -- 3.4.1 General Considerations -- 3.4.2 The Present Situation of Tropical Reefs with Regard to Stratigraphic Correlation -- 3.4.3 The Application of Reef Stratigraphy: Ecostratigraphic Scenarios for the Anthropocene -- 3.4.3.1 Ecostratigraphic Scenario 1: Correlating Reefs in Deteriorating Ecological Settings (Figure 3.4.3a) -- 3.4.3.2 Ecostratigraphic Scenario 2: Using 'Assisted' Coral-Reef Episodes of the Anthropocene -- 4 The Technosphere and Its Physical Stratigraphic Record -- 4.1 The Technosphere and Its Relation to the Anthropocene -- 4.1.1 The Geological and Social Anthropocenes -- 4.1.2 A New Earth Sphere: The Technosphere -- 4.1.3 Agency in the Anthropocene -- 4.1.4 Aristotle in the Technosphere -- 4.1.5 Co-option of Human Intention: Acceleration of the Technosphere -- 4.1.6 Collective Intention in the Technosphere: The Social Thermostat -- 4.1.7 The Two Anthropocenes Again -- 4.2 Technofossil Stratigraphy -- 4.3 The Stratigraphy of Plastics and Their Preservation in Geological Records -- 4.3.1 Plastics as a Distinctive Technofossil Group -- 4.3.2 Production and Degradation of Plastic Materials: An Overview -- 4.3.3 Plastic Redistribution in the Environment: An Overview -- 4.3.4 The Fate of Microplastics in Ocean Settings -- 4.3.5 Plastics as a High-Resolution Stratigraphic Tool -- 4.3.6 Outlook: The Role of Plastics for Anthropocene Studies -- 5 Anthropocene Chemostratigraphy -- 5.1 Capture of Geochemical Changes in Archives -- 5.1.1 Chemostratigraphy in the Geological Record -- 5.1.2 Chemostratigraphy of the Anthropocene -- 5.2 Carbon.. - 5.2.1 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentrations -- 5.2.2 Atmospheric Methane (CH4) Concentrations -- 5.2.3 Stable Carbon Isotope Record and the Suess Effect -- 5.3 Boron Isotopes as a Proxy for Oceanic pH -- 5.3.1 Ocean Acidification -- 5.3.2 Use of Boron Isotopes as a Deep-Time Proxy for Ocean pH -- 5.3.3 Use of Boron Isotopes in Modern Carbonates as a Potential Anthropocene Marker -- 5.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus -- 5.4.1 Nitrogen -- 5.4.2 Phosphorus -- 5.5 Sulphur -- 5.5.1 The Global S Cycle: Phases, Fluxes, Lifetimes and Distributions -- 5.5.2 Anthropogenic Emissions -- 5.5.3 Ice-Core Archives -- 5.5.4 Terrestrial Archives -- 5.6 Metals -- 5.6.1 Sources and Environmental Fate of Metals -- 5.6.2 Metals in Different Environmental Compartments -- 5.6.3 Metals as Signals of the Anthropocene -- 5.6.3.1 Copper as a Marker of the Anthropocene -- 5.6.3.2 Lead as a Marker of the Anthropocene -- 5.6.3.3 Zinc as a Marker of the Anthropocene -- Plates -- 5.7 Organic Compounds -- 5.7.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 5.7.2 Organochlorine Pesticides -- 5.7.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins (PCDDs) -- 5.7.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Fluorinated Compounds -- 5.7.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants as a Marker of the Anthropocene -- 5.8 Artificial Radionuclide Fallout Signals -- 5.8.1 History of Nuclear Weapons Testing -- 5.8.2 Radioisotopes as Markers for the Anthropocene -- 6 Climate Change and the Anthropocene -- 6.1 Climate -- 6.1.1 Pre-Holocene Climate Developments -- 6.1.2 The Deglaciation and the Holocene -- 6.1.2.1 The Last Deglaciation -- 6.1.2.2 The Holocene -- 6.1.2.3 The Current Trajectory -- 6.1.3 Projections for the Future -- 6.2 Ice -- 6.2.1 The Cryosphere -- 6.2.2 The Geological History of Ice on Earth from Cretaceous to Holocene -- 6.2.3 Ice in Holocene and Recent Times -- 6.2.3.1 Ice Sheets, Ice Shelves and Glaciers.. - 6.2.3.2 Sea Ice -- 6.2.4 Projections for the Future -- 6.3 Sea Level -- 6.3.1 Sea-Level Change -- 6.3.2 Impacts of Near-Future Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Areas -- 7 The Stratigraphic Boundary of the Anthropocene -- 7.1 Geological Validity of the Anthropocene -- 7.2 The Early Stratigraphic Record of Humans -- 7.3 Pre-Industrial Revolution Start Dates for the Anthropocene -- 7.3.1 Early Ecosystem Modification by Humans -- 7.3.2 Anthropogenic Charcoal in the Palaeoanthropocene -- 7.3.3 'Human Niche Construction' as the Start Point of the Anthropocene -- 7.3.4 The 'Early Anthropocene' -- 7.3.5 Early Metal Mining and Smelting Signals -- 7.3.6 A Soil-Based Anthropocene? -- 7.3.7 Early Globalisation: The Colonisation of the Americas by Europeans during Early Modern Times -- 7.4 The Industrial Revolution and the Anthropocene -- 7.4.1 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution -- 7.4.2 Energy and the Industrial Revolution -- 7.4.3 The Anthropocene and the Industrial Revolution -- 7.5 Mid-20th-Century 'Great Acceleration' -- 7.6 Current and Projected Trends -- 7.6.1 Socio-economic Trends -- 7.6.2 Greenhouse Gases -- 7.6.3 Climate System -- 7.6.4 Changes in the Biosphere -- 7.7 Hierarchy of the Anthropocene -- 7.8 Potential GSSP/GSSA Levels -- 7.8.1 Process of Defining a Geological Time Unit -- 7.8.2 Proposed GSSA Definition -- 7.8.3 Proposed GSSP Definition -- 7.8.4 Suitable Environments for a GSSP -- 7.8.4.1 Marine Anoxic Basins -- 7.8.4.2 Coral and Bivalve Skeletons -- 7.8.4.3 Estuaries and Deltas -- 7.8.4.4 Lakes -- 7.8.4.5 Peat Mires -- 7.8.4.6 Anthropogenic Deposits -- 7.8.4.7 Ice -- 7.8.4.8 Speleothems -- 7.8.4.9 Tree Rings -- 7.8.5 Summary of GSSP Potential -- 7.8.6 Arguments for Use of Either a GSSP or a GSSA -- 7.9 Epilogue and Forward Look for the Anthropocene -- References -- Index.. - The Anthropocene, a term launched into public debate by Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen, has been used informally to describe the time period during which human actions have had a drastic effect on the Earth and its ecosystems. This book presents evidence for defining the Anthropocene as a geological epoch, written by the high-profile international team analysing its potential addition to the geological time scale. The evidence ranges from chemical signals arising from pollution, to landscape changes associated with urbanisation, and biological changes associated with species invasion and extinctions. Global environmental change is placed within the context of planetary processes and deep geological time, allowing the reader to appreciate the scale of human-driven change and compare the global transition taking place today with major transitions in Earth history. This is an authoritative review of the Anthropocene for graduate students and academic researchers across scientific, social science and humanities disciplines.
Emner
Sjanger
Dewey
ISBN
1-108-61994-0. - 1-108-62135-X

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