Feed Efficiency in the Beef Industry.
Rodney A. Hill
Bok Engelsk 2012 · Electronic books.
| Omfang | 1 online resource (329 pages)
|
|---|---|
| Utgave | 1st ed.
|
| Opplysninger | Intro -- Feed Efficiency in the Beef Industry -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Reader Guide to Scope -- Important Distinctions between Feed Efficiency Metrics and Methodologies and Their Strengths and Weaknesses -- The Complexity of Feed Efficiency Concepts, Scientific Interpretation, and Some Consequences -- The Role of New Technologies in Improving Feed Efficiency -- The Opportunity -- 1 Input Factors Affecting Profitability: a Changing Paradigm and a Challenging Time -- Introduction -- Influence of Input and Feed Costs on the Beef Production Industry -- Evolving Factors Affecting Feed Cost in the Beef Production Industry (the Changing Marketplace for Feed Grains) -- Drivers for Increased Focus on Feed Efficiency within the Beef Industry -- Implications for Improved Efficiency of Feed Utilization in the United States (Based on Number of Beef Cattle in United States-Cow/Calf, Stocker, and Feedyard) -- References -- 2 Measuring Individual Feed Intake and Utilization in Growing Cattle -- Introduction -- Equipment and Facilities for Intake Measurement -- Pretest Information -- Age on Test -- Adaptation Period -- Test Period -- Test Diets -- Pen Stocking Rates -- Measurement of Body Composition -- Data Auditing -- Alternative Measures of Feed Efficiency -- Summary -- References -- 3 Producer Awareness and Perceptions about Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle -- Introduction -- Approach and Description of the Social Surveys -- Follow-Up Survey -- Response Rates -- Data Analyses -- Survey Results -- Respondent Characteristics-Baseline Survey -- Relationship between Knowledge of Feed-to-Gain Ratio and RFI -- Economic Factors of RFI -- Adoption of RFI and Feed Efficiency -- General Discussion -- Implications -- Acknowledgments -- References.. - 4 Feed Efficiency in Different Management Systems: Cow-Calf and in the Feedyard -- Introduction -- Measuring Intake and Efficiency -- Feedlot Management Systems -- Sex Effects -- Forage versus Grain in the Feedlot -- Dietary Energy Source in Growing and Finishing Phases -- Early Weaning -- RFI in the Feedlot -- Cow Energy Status and Intake -- Heifer RFI and Mature Cow Efficiency -- Summary -- References -- 5 Lessons from the Australian Experience -- Introduction -- The Trangie Project -- Genetic Variation in Postweaning RFI -- Genetic Variation in Cow RFI -- Response to Selection -- The Low-RFI Steer at Pasture -- The Low-RFI Steer in the Feedlot -- Steer Carcass and Meat Quality -- The Low-RFI Cow -- Maternal Productivity -- Lessons Learnt on Measurement of Feed Intake and Efficiency -- Industry Implementation and Test Standards -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Nutrition and Feed Efficiency of Beef Cattle -- Introduction -- Intake and Feed Efficiency Ranges within Beef Cattle -- Balancing Postruminal Amino Acid Flow with Consumed Energy -- Energy Requirement for Growth -- Postruminal Amino Acid Supply -- Rumen-Degradable Protein Supply -- Impact of Formulating Diets for AA:EE and RDP on Feed Conversion Ratio -- Residual Feed Intake Phenotype Influences Nutritional Requirements -- Digestion, Fermentation, and Ruminal Kinetic Range among Animals -- Digestive Tract Environment -- Substrate Susceptibility to Digestion -- Summary -- References -- 7 Genetic Improvement of Feed Efficiency -- Genetic Improvement in Beef Cattle -- Genetic Control of Feed Efficiency -- Breed Differences in Feed Efficiency -- Genetic Variation and Heritability -- Genetic Correlation with Other Traits -- Strategies for Genetic Improvement -- Crossbreeding -- Selection within Breed -- Gaps in Our Knowledge -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 Feed Efficiency and Animal Robustness.. - Efficiency of Nutrient Utilization -- Muscle Growth -- Biological Markers of Feed Efficiency -- Insulin-like Growth Factor Ligands -- Regulation of IGF-I Expression by Growth Hormone -- IGF Receptors -- IGF-Binding Proteins -- Relationship between Serum IGF-I and Growth -- Serum IGF-I Concentration as an Indicator of RFI -- Other Hormones and Metabolites Related to RFI -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Variation in Metabolism: Biological Efficiency of Energy Production and Utilization That Affects Feed Efficiency -- Introduction -- Mitochondria -- Introduction -- Physical Description -- Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Interaction in Mitochondrial Assembly and Function -- Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission -- The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis -- Mitochondrial Inefficiencies -- Electron Transport Defects and Oxidative Stress -- Mitochondrial Uncoupling -- Matching Cellular Needs to Growth, Development, and Activity -- Mitochondrial Biogenesis -- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase -- Mitochondrial Biogenesis, AMPK, and Sirtuins -- Mitochondria in the Phenotypic Expression of Feed Efficiency -- Feed Efficiency and Mitochondrial Function -- Feed Efficiency and Site-Specific Defects in Electron Transport -- Feed Efficiency and Mitochondrial Biochemistry -- Feed Efficiency, Oxidative Stress, and Protein Oxidation -- Feed Efficiency and Mitochondrial Protein Expression -- Feed Efficiency and Gene Expression -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 16 Modeling Feed Efficiency -- Introduction -- Need for Mathematical Treatment of Data -- Objectives in Feed Efficiency Data Analyses -- Statistical Treatment of Intake and Gain Data -- Predictive Models -- Estimating Individual Intakes from Weight and Weight Gain -- Estimating Individual Intakes from Group Data -- Estimating Individual Intakes from Indigestible Marker Data.. - Genetic Models.. - Variation in RFI for Milk Production and Its Heritability -- Phenotypic Differences between High and Low RFI Dairy Cows -- Potential Impacts of Improved RFI for Milk Production on the Dairy Industry -- Future Areas of Investigation -- References -- 12 Muscle and Adipose Tissue: Potential Roles in Driving Variation in Feed Efficiency -- Introduction -- Relative Amounts of Muscle and Fat-Relationship to Feed Efficiency -- Muscle: Contribution to Variation in Feed Efficiency -- Structural Organization and Fiber Type Composition of Muscle -- Energy Consumption and Metabolic Pathways of Muscle -- Energy Substrate Partitioning as a Potential Contributor to Variation in Feed Efficiency -- Muscle as an Energetically Dynamic Tissue -- Paracrine/Autocrine Regulation of Processes in Muscle that may Contribute to Variation in Feed Efficiency -- Adipose Tissue: Contribution to Variation in Feed Efficiency -- Energetic Costs of Marbled Beef -- Role of Fat Depots in Fat Metabolism -- Regulatory Factors of Adipose Tissue and their Potential Contributions to Variation in Feed Efficiency -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Epigenetics and Effects on the Neonate That May Impact Feed Efficiency -- Introduction -- Developmental Programming -- Epigenetics -- Programming of Feed Efficiency -- Critical Windows of Organ System Programming -- Role of Programming of Specific Organ Systems -- Relationship to Nutrient Utilization -- Other Developmental Programming Effects on Production Efficiency -- Growth and Physiological Maturity -- Reproduction -- Transgenerational Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Offspring -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Hormonal Regulation of Feed Efficiency -- Introduction -- Feed Intake: Signals to and from the Hypothalamus -- Neuropeptide Y and the Adipokines: Leptin and Adiponectin -- Somatotropic Axis -- Integration.. - We Need Feed Efficient Animals -- Selection for Feed Efficiency -- Resources Allocation -- Artificial Selection for High Production Efficiency -- Selecting for Lower Maintenance Requirements -- Protein Turnover Rate -- Activity and Stress Response -- Robustness and Welfare -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Interactions with Other Traits: Reproduction and Fertility -- Nutritional Regulation of Reproductive Endocrine Function -- Nutritional Effects on the Hypothalamus and Pituitary -- Nutritional Effects on the Ovary -- Metabolic Hormones -- Circulating Metabolites -- Factors Regulating Puberty -- Growth and Nutrition -- Prenatal Nutrition -- Effect of Heifer RFI on Fertility -- Age at Puberty, Conception, and Pregnancy Rates -- Calving Rate, Calving Pattern, Calf Mortality, and Weaning Rate -- Links between Stress, Feed Efficiency, and Fertility -- Factors Regulating Cow Lifetime Productivity -- Cow Lifetime Productivity and RFI -- Effect of RFI on Bull Fertility -- Conclusions and Implications -- References -- 10 Feed Efficiency Interactions with Other Traits: Growth and Product Quality -- Introduction -- Different Measures of Feed Efficiency -- Challenges and Issues in Measuring Feed Efficiency Interactions with Growth and Product Quality -- Feed Efficiency and Growth -- Measures of Feed Efficiency in the Context of Growth -- Feed Efficiency Relationships with Carcass or Product Quality -- Carcass Quality -- Product Quality and Palatability -- Relationships between Gain:Feed and RFI -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimating Feed Efficiency of Lactating Dairy Cattle Using Residual Feed Intake -- Feed Efficiency in the Context of Milk Production -- Methods for Estimating Efficiency of Milk Production -- Factors to Consider in Measuring RFI for Milk Production -- The Effect of Test Duration -- The Effect of Stage of Lactation -- The Effect of Parity.. - Feed Efficiency in the Beef Industry provides a thorough and concise overview of feed efficiency in beef cattle. It frames the great importance of feed efficiency to the industry and details the latest findings of the many scientific disciplines that intersect and aim to improve efficient and sustainable production of nutritious beef. The vast majority of production costs are directly tied to feed. With increased demand for grains to feed a rapidly increasing world population and to supply a new demand for alternative fuels, feed costs continue to increase. In recent years, the negative environmental impacts of inefficient feeding have also been realized; as such feed efficiency is an important factor in both economic viability and environmental sustainability of cattle production. Feed Efficiency in the Beef Industry covers a broad range of topics ranging from economic evaluation of feed efficiency to the physiological and genetic bases of efficient conversion of feed to high quality beef. Chapters also look at how a fuller understanding of feed efficiency is leading to new selective breeding efforts to develop more efficient cattle. With wide-ranging coverage from leading international researchers, Feed Efficiency will be a valuable resource for producers who wish to understand the complexities, challenges, and opportunities to reduce their cost of production, for students studying the topic and for researchers and professionals working in the beef industry.
|
| Emner | |
| Sjanger | |
| Dewey | |
| ISBN | 9781118388297
|
| ISBN(galt) |
