Religion and the State in American Law
Boris I. Bittker, Scott Idleman, Frank S. Ravitch.
Bok Engelsk 2015 · Electronic books.
| Annen tittel | |
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| Medvirkende | |
| Omfang | 1 online resource (xviii, 982 pages) : : digital, PDF file(s).
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| Utgave | 1st ed.
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| Opplysninger | Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015).. - Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 History and Introduction -- A. Church-State Relations in the Colonies from Their Founding to the Declaration of Independence -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The New England Puritans -- a. Massachusetts -- b. Connecticut -- c. New Hampshire -- d. Rhode Island -- 3. The Anglican Southern Colonies -- a. Introduction -- b. Virginia -- c. South Carolina -- d. North Carolina -- e. Georgia -- 4. The Middle Colonies -- a. Introduction -- b. New York -- c. New Jersey -- d. Pennsylvania -- e. Delaware -- f. Maryland -- B. Religion and the Declaration of Independence -- C. Religion and the Constitution -- D. Religion and Ratification of the Constitution -- E. The Drafting of the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Documentary Record -- a. Legislative History of the Religion Clauses -- b. Madison's Proposals of June 8, 1789 -- c. Redraft by Committee of Eleven: Report of July 28, 1789 -- d. House Debate on August 15 and 20, 1789 -- e. Senate Revision of September 9, 1789 -- f. Conference Committee Report of September 24, 1789 -- F. Ratification of the Bill of Rights -- G. The Postindependence Struggle for Religious Freedom in Virginia: Key to the Meaning of the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Virginia's Proposed General Assessment to Support Teachers of Christianity -- 3. Madison's "Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments" -- 4. Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom -- a. Background -- b. Jefferson's Statute in Its Church-State Context -- H. Government-Sponsored Private Behavior: "State Action" -- I. Application of the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment to the States: "Incorporation" of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth.... - 1. Clergy Employment Cases -- 2. Other Employee Cases -- 3. Membership Cases -- 4. Governance and Accounting Cases -- 5. Denominational Schism Cases -- C. A Note about Subject-Matter Jurisdiction in Church Property Dispute and Schism Cases -- 9 Contracts -- A. Contracts that Raise Ecclesiastical Questions -- B. Charitable Donations or Devises to Religious Entities under Contract Law -- 1. Contracts for Devises and Donations that Raise Ecclesiastical Questions -- 2. Enforcement of Charitable Subscription Agreements Involving Religious Organizations -- C. Contracts and "Blue Laws" -- D. Exhaustion of Internal Organizational Remedies -- E. Discrimination in Contracting and/or in Contract Terms -- F. Religious Defenses in Garden-Variety Contracts -- 10 Taxation -- A. Overview -- B. The U.S. Supreme Court Landscape -- C. Federal Taxation -- 1. Section 501(C)(3) Status -- a. "Organized and Operated Exclusively for an Exempt Purpose" -- b. No Private Inurement -- c. Political Involvement -- i. 501(c)(3) and Political Activity: Statutory Provisions, Regulations, and Cases -- ii. The 501(c)(4) Option -- 2. Church Status -- a. Maintaining Church Status -- b. Procedures Available if the IRS Challenges an Entity's Church Status -- c. Parsonage Exemption -- d. A Note on Social Security Tax and Religion -- D. State Taxation -- 1. Generally Applicable State Tax Exemptions or Burdens -- 2. State Tax Exemptions that Are Not Part of a Broader Exemption System -- 3. Religious Property Tax and Parsonage Exemptions -- 11 Employment -- A. Causes of Action Available to Employees -- 1. First Amendment Employment Discrimination Claims -- a. Possible Court Bias against Minority Religious Adherents and the Tension with the Establishment Clause Implicated in Free... -- b. Free Exercise and Establishment Clause Issues in Unemployment Benefits Cases.. - 1. Introduction -- 2. Incorporation via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment -- 3. The Incorporation Doctrine's Loose Ends -- J. Meaning of Terms Used in the First Amendment -- 1. "Establishment" of Religion -- 2. "Nonpreferential," "Multiple," and "Universal" Establishments -- 3. Judaism as a "Nonpreferred" or "Excluded" Religion -- 2 Church and State in the Nineteenth Century -- A. Introduction -- B. Early Religious Ceremonies, Symbols, and Proclamations -- C. Disestablishment of State-Established Churches, 1791-1833 -- D. Jefferson's 1800 Presidential Campaign: The Electorate's Use of Religious Test -- E. Nativism, No-Popery, Know-Nothingism, and the "Protestant Crusade" of 1800-1860 -- F. Religion and the Abolition of Slavery -- G. Religion and Women's Rights -- H. Religion and Temperance -- I. Religion, the Churches, and the Civil War -- J. Religion and Reconstruction -- K. The Blaine Amendment and Its State Constitutional Offshoots -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Proposed Amendment's Context -- 3. State "Blaine Amendments" -- 4. The Blaine Amendment and "Incorporation" of the Bill of Rights by the Fourteenth Amendment -- L. Mormonism -- M. Rise of the "Social Gospel" Theme in Religious Theory -- N. Christianity as Part of the Law of the Land -- 3 Religious Influences and Expressions in Law and Government -- A. Introduction -- B. Religious Demography: From Protestantism to Pluralism -- C. Religious Origins of Legal Principles and Doctrines -- 1. The First Amendment Religion Clauses -- 2. Other Elements of Constitutional, Statutory, or Common Law -- D. Religious References in Legal or Governmental Documents -- 1. The State Constitutions -- 2. The U.S. Constitution: The Attestation Clause -- 3. The National Motto -- 4. The Pledge of Allegiance -- 5. Governmental Proclamations and Addresses -- E. Legislative Chaplaincies and Prayer.. - 4 The Establishment Clause -- A. Introduction -- B. Historical and Contemporary Nonestablishment Principles -- 1. Neutrality -- 2. Separation -- 3. Equality -- 4. Liberty -- 5. Civil Peace -- C. Current Doctrines, Tests, and Standards -- 1. The Lemon Test as Modified by the Endorsement Test -- a. The Purpose Prong -- i. The Secular Purpose Requirement -- ii. The Limit on Religious Purposes -- b. The Effect Prong -- i. Advancement or Inhibition of Religion -- ii. Endorsement or Disapproval of Religion -- c. The Entanglement Prong -- i. Administrative Entanglement -- ii. Doctrinal Entanglement -- iii. Political Entanglement -- 2. The Prohibition on Coercion -- a. Actual Coercion -- b. Effective Coercion -- 3. The Limitations on Religious Discrimination -- a. Between Religions or Denominations -- b. Between Religion and Nonreligion -- D. Special Applications of the Establishment Clause -- 1. To Traditional Government Practices -- 2. To Permissible Accommodations of Religious Exercise -- E. Standing and the Establishment Clause -- 1. The Availability of Taxpayer Standing -- 2. The Approach to Cognizable Factual Injuries -- 5 The Free Exercise Clause -- A. Introduction and Note on Smith and Its Aftermath -- B. Historical and Contemporary Free Exercise Principles -- 1. Voluntarism and Noncoercion -- 2. Limited Civil and Religious Jurisdiction -- 3. Equality or Neutrality -- 4. Social Utility: Religion as Ally, Religion as Antagonist -- 5. Other Principles -- C. Elements of Prima Facie Free Exercise Claim -- 1. Action by the Government -- 2. Religious Basis for the Practice -- 3. Substantial Burden on the Practice -- a. Severity of the Legal Consequences -- b. Extent of the Governmental Restriction -- c. Significance of the Religious Practice -- d. Necessity of the Religious Practice -- 4. Sincerity of the Religious Belief.. - D. Limitations on the Government's Rebuttal -- E. Levels and Components of Judicial Scrutiny -- 1. Strict Scrutiny -- a. Compelling Government Interest -- b. Least Restrictive Means -- 2. Rational Basis Scrutiny -- 3. Other Levels of Scrutiny -- F. Causes of Heightened Scrutiny under Smith -- 1. Lack of Neutrality -- 2. Lack of General Applicability -- 3. Exclusion from an Extant System of Individualized Assessment -- 4. Assertion of a Hybrid Claim -- G. Forms and Limits of Accommodation -- 1. Mandatory Accommodation -- 2. Discretionary Accommodation -- H. Religious Institutional Autonomy: The Ministerial Exception -- I. Religious Freedom, Native Americans, and Public Lands -- 6 The Religious Test, Equal Protection, and Free Speech Clauses -- A. The Religious Test Clause -- 1. Historical and Contemporary Understanding -- 2. Inapplicability to State Offices -- 3. Overlap with the First Amendment -- B. The Equal Protection Guarantees -- 1. Equal Protection Doctrine in General -- 2. Overlap with the First Amendment -- 3. Religion as a Suspect Classification -- 4. Religion as a Fundamental Right -- C. The Free Speech Clause -- 1. Free Speech Doctrine in General -- 2. Religious Expression by Private Parties -- 3. Religious Expression by the Government -- 7 The Definition of Religion -- A. The Current Lack of an Authoritative Definition -- B. Some Difficulties of Legally Defining Religion -- 1. Narrowness -- 2. Interoperability -- 3. Breadth -- C. Potential Definitional Criteria -- 1. Original Intent or Meaning -- 2. Comparative Similarity -- 3. Functional Equivalence -- 4. Subjective Characterization -- 5. An Integrated Approach -- 8 Church Property Disputes and Church Schisms -- A. Church Property Disputes -- 1. Express and Implied Trusts -- 2. Congregational Churches -- 3. Hierarchical Churches -- 4. "Neutral Principles of Law" -- B. Church Schisms.. - c. Free Exercise and Establishment Clause Issues in Future Cases.. - Religion and the State in American Law provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of religion and government in the United States, from historical origins to modern laws and rulings. In addition to extensive coverage of the religion clauses of the First Amendment, it addresses many statutory, regulatory, and common-law developments at both the federal and state levels. Topics include the history of church-state relations and religious liberty, religion in the classroom, and expressions of religion in government. This book also covers the role of religion in specific areas of law such as contracts, taxation, employment, land use regulation, torts, criminal law, and domestic relations as well as in specialized contexts such as prisons and the military. Accessible to the general as well as the professional reader, this book will be of use to scholars, judges, practising lawyers, and the media.
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| Emner | |
| Sjanger | |
| Dewey | |
| ISBN | 1-107-78543-X
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