Architectural Research Methods.


Linda N. Groat
Bok Engelsk 2013 · Electronic books.
Utgitt
New York : Wiley , cop. 2013
Omfang
1 online resource (480 pages)
Utgave
2nd ed.
Opplysninger
Intro -- Architectural Research Methods -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Part I The Domain of Architectural Research -- Chapter 1 The Scope of This Book -- 1.1 Introduction: The Audience for This Book -- 1.1.1 Students in Doctoral and MSc Programs -- 1.1.2 Faculty Scholars and Researchers -- 1.1.3 Master's and Upper‐Level Bachelor's Students -- 1.1.4 Architectural and Design Practitioners -- 1.1.5 All Together Now -- 1.2 What Is Architectural Research? -- 1.3 A Conceptual Framework for Situating Methodology in Research: Strategy and Tactics -- 1.4 What's New in the New Edition? -- 1.5 The Book Ahead -- 1.5.1 Part I: The Domain of Architectural Research -- 1.5.2 Part II: Strategies for Architectural Research -- NOTES -- Chapter 2 Does Design Equal Research? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining Design and Research -- 2.2.1 Design Defined -- 2.2.2 Defining Research -- 2.3 The Comparable and Shared Qualities of Designand Research -- 2.3.1 The Reconstructed Logics of Design and Research -- 2.3.2 The Logics‐in‐Use in Design and Research -- 2.3.3 The Scope of Design and Research -- 2.3.4 Situated Design and Research in Action and Collaboration -- 2.4 Research, Design, Scholarship, and Scholarship‐in‐Practice -- 2.5 Conclusion -- NOTES -- Chapter 3 Systems of Inquiry and Standards of Research Quality -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Frameworks for Understanding Multiple Systems of Inquiry -- 3.2.1 Early Frameworks in Architectural Research -- 3.2.2 Some Alternative Frameworks -- 3.2.3 A Proposed Framework: A Three‐Part Continuum -- 3.2.4 The Complementary Nature of Research Framed by Diverse Systems of Inquiry -- 3.3 Measures of Research Quality -- 3.3.1 Quality Standards within a Postpositivist System of Inquiry -- 3.3.2. Quality Standards within a Naturalistic System of Inquiry -- 3.3.3 Quality Standards among Selected Schools of Thought and Disciplines.. - 10.2.4 Real‐Time Simulation -- 10.2.5 Immersive Building Simulation -- 10.2.6 Modeling Construction Sequences -- 10.3 Strategy of Simulation Research -- 10.3.1 Representation versus Simulation -- 10.3.2 What Is a Model? -- 10.3.3 Prediction versus Projection/Pattern -- 10.3.4 Simulation Research in Relation to Experimental and Correlational Research -- 10.3.5 Simulation Research in Relation to Qualitative and/or Historical Research -- 10.3.6 Simulation Research and Theory Building -- 10.3.7 Simulation without Computers -- 10.4 Tactical Concerns for Simulation Research -- 10.4.1 Accuracy of Replication -- 10.4.2 Limitations of Data Collection -- 10.4.3 Cost Limitations -- 10.5 Conclusion -- NOTES -- Chapter 11 Logical Argumentation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 A Spectrum of Logical Argumentation Typologies -- 11.3 The Strategic Traits of Logical Argumentation -- 11.3.1 Paradigmatic Innovation -- 11.3.2 A Priori Argumentation -- 11.3.3 Logical Argumentation Frameworks Tend to Be Interdisciplinary -- 11.3.4 Primary and Secondary Logical Frameworks -- 11.4 How Does One First Conceive of the Idea for a Logical Framework? -- 11.5 The Tactics of Logical Argumentation : Defining First Principles and Logical Relations -- 11.5.1 Defining First Principles -- 11.5.2 Defining Relationships -- 11.6 The Tactics of Logical Argumentation : Rhetorical Tactics in Cultural/Discursive Systems -- 11.6.1 Rhetorical Tactics: Naming -- 11.6.2 Rhetorical Tactics: Association or Disassociation -- 11.6.3 Rhetorical Tactics: Analogy -- 11.6.4 Rhetorical Tactics: Story -- 11.6.5 Rhetorical Tactics: Graphic Images -- 11.6.6 Rhetorical Tactics: Appeals to Group Identity -- 11.6.7 Rhetorical Tactics: Dividing or Integrating -- 11.6.8 Rhetorical Tactics: Authority -- 11.7 The Tactics of Logical Argumentation: Categories and Ways to Arrange them -- 11.7.1 Simple Categories.. - 11.7.2 Cross-Categories.. - 3.4 Conclusions : Looking Ahead -- NOTES -- Chapter 4 What's Your Purpose? From Theory Building to Design Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Contextual Purposes -- 4.2.1 What Are the Motivations for This Research? -- 4.2.2 Who Is the Audience? -- 4.2.3 What Is the Potential or Likely Impact of This Research? -- 4.3 Categories of Theory -- 4.3.1 Explanatory Theory -- 4.3.2 Normative Theory -- 4.3.3 Design‐Polemical Theory -- 4.4 Multiple Purposes : Theory Building and/or Design Applications? -- 4.4.1 From Theory to New Theory -- 4.4.2 From Theory to a New Building in an Architectural Practice -- 4.4.3 From Theory to Built Environments: Use of Theory in a Design Consultancy -- 4.4.4 From Theory to Design in Architectural Studio Education -- 4.5 Conclusion -- NOTES -- Chapter 5 What's Your Question? Literature Review and Research Design -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Literature Review Compared to Annotated Bibliography -- 5.2.1 Types of Research Questions -- 5.2.2 What to Do? versus What Is the Case? -- 5.3 An Interactive Process -- 5.3.1 Research Questions in Relation to the Literature -- 5.3.2 Theory in Relation to the Literature (with an Emphasis on Interdisciplinary Linkages) -- 5.3.3 Methodology in Relation to the Literature -- 5.3.4 Outcomes in Relation to the Literature -- 5.4 Conclusion -- NOTES -- Part II Seven Research Strategies -- Chapter 6 Historical Research -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 Traits of Historical Research Old and New -- 6.3 The Strategy of Historical Research : Historical Narrative -- 6.3.1 History as Constructed of Narrative Sentences -- 6.3.2 Historical Narratives in Relation to Literary Constructions -- 6.3.3 The Role of Imagination and Comprehension in Historical Narratives -- 6.4 The Strategy of Historical Research : Some Schools of Thought -- 6.4.1 Positivist Explanations of History: A "Covering Law".. - 6.4.2 History as the Movement of Absolute Spirit -- 6.4.3 Structuralist Approaches to History -- 6.4.4 Poststructuralist Approaches to History -- 6.5 Tactics in Historical Research -- 6.5.1 Determinative Evidence -- 6.5.2 Contextual Evidence -- 6.5.3 Inferential Evidence -- 6.5.4 Recollective Evidence -- 6.6 Case Study in Tactics : "Inca Quarrying and Stonecutting" by Jean‐Pierre Protzen -- 6.7 Conclusion -- NOTES -- Chapter 7 Qualitative Research -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Strategy of Qualitative Research: General Characteristics -- 7.2.1 An Emphasis on Natural Settings -- 7.2.2 A Focus on Interpretation and Meaning -- 7.2.3 A Focus on How the Respondents Make Sense of Their Own Circumstances -- 7.2.4 The Use of Multiple Tactics -- 7.2.5 Significance of Inductive Logic -- 7.2.6 Other Aspects of Qualitative Research Strategy -- 7.3 Strategy: Four Qualitative Approaches -- 7.3.1 Ethnography -- 7.3.2 Phenomenology -- 7.3.3 Grounded Theory -- 7.3.4 Integrative Approaches to Qualitative Research -- 7.4 Tactics : An Overview of Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation -- 7.4.1 The Process -- 7.4.2 Data Collection -- 7.4.3 Data Reduction/Coding -- 7.4.4 Data Display -- 7.4.5 Drawing Conclusions and Verifying -- 7.5 Conclusion: Strengths and Weaknesses -- NOTES -- Chapter 8 Correlational Research -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Strategy of Correlational Research: General Characteristics -- 8.2.1 A Focus on Naturally Occurring Patterns -- 8.2.2 The Measurement of Specific Variables -- 8.2.3 The Use of Statistics to Clarify Patterns of Relationships -- 8.3 Strategy: Two Types of Correlational Research -- 8.3.1 Relationship Studies -- 8.3.2 Causal Comparative Studies -- 8.4 Tactics : Collecting Data -- 8.4.1 Surveys -- 8.4.2 Observations -- 8.4.3 Mapping -- 8.4.4 Sorting -- 8.4.5 Archives.. - 8.5 Tactics : Reading About and Understanding Multivariate Analyses -- 8.5.1 Typological Analyses -- 8.5.2 Multiple Regression -- 8.5.3 Factor Analysis -- 8.5.4 Multidimensional Scaling -- 8.6 Conclusions : Strengths and Weaknesses -- NOTES -- Chapter 9 Experimental and Quasi‐Experimental Research -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Strategy: General Characteristics of Experimental Research -- 9.2.1 The Use of a Treatment, or Independent Variable -- 9.2.2 The Measurement of One or More Outcome Variables -- 9.2.3 The Designation of a Unit of Assignment -- 9.2.4 The Use of a Comparison or Control Group -- 9.2.5 A Focus on Causality -- 9.3 Strategy: Distinguishing between Experimental and Quasi‐Experimental Research -- 9.3.1 Random Assignment in Experimental Research -- 9.3.2 Nonrandom Assignment in Quasi‐Experimental Research -- 9.4 Diagramming Experimental Research Designs -- 9.5 Tactics : The Settings, Treatments, and Measures for Experimental Research -- 9.5.1 Clarifying the Tactics of the Previously Discussed Studies -- 9.5.2 Environmental Performance of Automated Blinds in Office Buildings: Using a Behavioral Survey Prior to Lab Experiment -- 9.5.3 Occupant Comfort from Air Movement: Using a Lab Setting, Physical Treatments, Instrumentation, and Subjective Measures -- 9.5.4 Experimental Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Simulation of Energy Usage: Using a Purpose‐Built Testing Prototype, Physical Treatments, Instrumented Measures, and Numerical Simulations -- 9.6 The Complementary Nature of Experimental Cultures in Design and Research -- 9.7 Conclusions : Strengths and Weaknesses -- NOTES -- Chapter 10 Simulation Research -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Current Examples of Simulation Research -- 10.2.1 Simulation of Complex Human Factors -- 10.2.2 Simulation in Earlier Stages of Architectural Design Process -- 10.2.3 Integration of Simulation Software.. - A practical guide to research for architects and designers-now updated and expanded! From searching for the best glass to prevent glare to determining how clients might react to the color choice for restaurant walls, research is a crucial tool that architects must master in order to effectively address the technical, aesthetic, and behavioral issues that arise in their work. This book's unique coverage of research methods is specifically targeted to help professional designers and researchers better conduct and understand research. Part I explores basic research issues and concepts, and includes chapters on relating theory to method and design to research. Part II gives a comprehensive treatment of specific strategies for investigating built forms. In all, the book covers seven types of research, including historical, qualitative, correlational, experimental, simulation, logical argumentation, and case studies and mixed methods. Features new to this edition include: Strategies for investigation, practical examples, and resources for additional information A look at current trends and innovations in research Coverage of design studio-based research that shows how strategies described in the book can be employed in real life A discussion of digital media and online research New and updated examples of research studies A new chapter on the relationship between design and research Architectural Research Methods is an essential reference for architecture students and researchers as well as architects, interior designers, landscape architects, and building product manufacturers.
Emner
Sjanger
Dewey
ISBN
9780470908556

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