Jobs Undone : Reshaping the Role of Governments Toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa.

Asif M. Islam
Bok · Engelsk · 2022 · Electronic books.

Omfang	1 online resource (159 pages)
Utgave	1st ed.
Opplysninger	Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Meeting the Jobs Challenge in the Middle East and North Africa -- Introduction -- Voices of Young Entrepreneurs in the MENA Region -- Country Tables -- Chapter 2 The Lost Promise of More and Better Jobs -- Introduction -- Exclusion and Informality -- The Plight of Female Workers -- Not the Jobs of the Future -- The Impact of COVID-19 -- Notes -- References -- Jordan: An Online Learning Platform to Deliver Accessible, Quality Education -- Chapter 3 What Prevents the Creation of More and Better Jobs in MENA? -- Introduction -- Pathways that Link Market Contestability with Jobs -- The Region's "Sclerotic" Private Sector -- The Plight of Female Entrepreneurs -- Limited Overall Economic Growth -- Notes -- References -- West Bank: A Food Processing Factory That Empowers Women -- Tunisia: A Beverage Manufacturer That Brings Instant Tea and New Flavors to New Markets -- Chapter 4 The Suspects That Limit Market Contestability and Job Creation -- Introduction -- Product Market Regulations and SOEs -- Labor Market Regulations and Related Taxes -- Gendered Laws -- Notes -- References -- Morocco: A Safe Carpool Platform to Share Trip Costs -- Chapter 5 Toward More Contestable Markets -- Introduction -- Leveling the Playing Field in the Product Market -- Reshaping the Relationship between the Government and Workers -- Fostering Women's Inclusion in All Economic Spheres -- Working "at the Margins" to Find Feasible Reform Paths -- Data for Reforms -- Note -- References -- Arab Republic of Egypt: A Platform to Deliver Pharmacy Services -- Lebanon: A Platform with Global Appeal to Help Restaurants Personalize Guests' Dining Experience -- Saudi Arabia: A Platform to Help Women and Other Customers Run Errands.. - Appendix A Product Market Regulations -- Appendix B Labor Market Regulations -- Appendix C Gendered Laws in the MENA Region -- Boxes -- Box 3.1 Firm dynamics and job creation in the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 4.1 Sector-specific restrictive regulations in network industries and professional services in MENA economies -- Box 5.1 Iraq's proposed reforms to make its economy more dynamic and diversified -- Box 5.2 MENA's social protection policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic -- Box 5.3 Telecommunications liberalization in Bahrain -- Figures -- Figure ES.1 Toward a new social contract through contestable markets -- Figure 2.1 The share of 20- to 34-year-olds in the total population in the Middle East and North Africa is among the highest in the world -- Figure 2.2 MENA has had the world's highest youth unemployment rate for 15- to 24-year-olds for two decades -- Figure 2.3 The share of informal employment is higher when looking at the private sector only, considering that many private sector jobs lack pensions and other types of social insurance -- Figure 2.4 The share of public sector employment is high in several MENA economies -- Figure 2.5 The probability of a 25-year-old male with tertiary education working in the public sector has decreased in favor of informal employment (wage and nonwage) in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza -- Figure 2.7 The probability of a 25-year-old woman with a tertiary education working in the public sector has decreased in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, and Tunisia in favor of unemployment and dropping out of the labor force -- Figure 2.6 More-educated Saudi women have higher labor force participation rates.. - Figure 2.8 While MENA has shed low-skill jobs in the past two decades, the loss has mostly been offset by an increase in medium-skill jobs, not high-skill ones, unlike some other regional peers -- Figure 2.9 MENA is growing its high-skill occupations much less than its income peers, while relying on medium-skill occupations -- Figure 2.10 Jobs in MENA tend not to use nonroutine analytical and interpersonal tasks-the jobs of the future -- Figure 2.11 Relatively few jobs in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia are amenable to working from home, especially among less educated, older, and informal workers -- Figure 3.1 The number and quality of jobs depend on the type and degree of competition and market contestability -- Figure 3.2 Job creation is mediocre in the MENA private sector -- Figure 3.3 Formal employment is concentrated in the largest and smallest firms in some MENA countries -- Figure 3.4 The share of young firms is low and declining in MENA -- Figure 3.5 The share of firms investing in physical capital is low and declining in MENA -- Figure 3.6 The share of firms spending on R&amp -- D is low and declining in MENA -- Figure 3.7 Politically connected firms are larger and more prevalent in MENA than in middle-income countries in general -- Figure 3.8 Few firms in MENA have a woman top manager -- Figure 3.9 The annual growth rate of GDP per capita in MENA economies lagged behind the rate among income peers worldwide between 2000 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 MENA's gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP is in the middle compared to other regions and has been declining -- Figure 3.11 MENA's stock of capital per capita is comparable to that of its income peers worldwide, but income peers have been catching up -- Figure 3.12 Public capital continues to play an important role in the overall stock of capital in MENA.. - Figure 4.1 MENA has more SOEs operating in various sectors compared to income peers -- Figure 4.2 Most MENA economies lag in key components that can help ensure competitive neutrality -- Figure 4.3 MENA has more retail price controls and regulations compared to income peers -- Figure B4.1.1 Vertical integration with separation of the competitive components of market segments is limited in MENA -- Figure B4.1.2 Third-party access to the energy transmission grid is rare in MENA -- Figure 4.4 MENA economies do not systematically analyze the competitive impact of their regulations -- Figure 4.5 High firing costs are associated with a large number of informal workers and self-employed workers in MENA -- Figure 4.6 Severance pay in MENA is the most generous in the world -- Figure 4.7 Statutory social security contribution rates are relatively high in MENA -- Figure 4.8 MENA ranks lowest in the world on the Women, Business and the Law index -- Figure 4.9 MENA has more restrictions on women working night shifts than nearly every other world region -- Figure 4.10 There is a positive relationship between women empowerment and their labor force participation -- Figure 5.1 Toward a new social contract through contestable markets -- Figure 5.2 MENA's high presence of state-owned enterprises is associated with lower labor productivity growth compared to income peers -- Figure 5.3 MENA has implemented relatively few labor regulation reforms since 2006 -- Figure B5.2.1 Composition of COVID-19-related measures for workers in MENA, by category -- Figure 5.4 Active labor market programs are limited in the MENA region -- Figure 5.5 In MENA and around the world, economies with fewer legal restrictions for women have a larger share of firms with women entrepreneurs -- Figure 5.6 MENA has low and deteriorating statistical capacity.. - Figure A.1 Economywide and sector PMR methodology -- Tables -- Table 3.1 Employment transition matrixes for MENA -- Table B3.1.1 Employment transition matrixes for the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Table 4.1 Exemptions from competition law in eight MENA economies -- Table 4.2 Minimum wage in selected MENA economies, 2014-19 -- Table 4.3 Applicability of minimum wage in selected MENA economies -- Table 4.4 Economies where a woman needs her husband's permission to get a job -- Table 5.1 Economic considerations for the efficient design of price controls -- Table A.1 Scope, public ownership, and control of SOEs: Equity -- Table A.2 Scope, public ownership, and control of SOEs: Control -- Table A.3 Scope, public ownership, and control of SOEs: Market shares and structure -- Table A.4 SOE governance: Decision-making -- Table A.5 Competitive neutrality -- Table A.6 Public procurement -- Table A.7 Price regulation: Retail distribution -- Table A.8 Price regulation: Price controls in network industries and regulated professions -- Table A.9 Design regulations: Assessment of impact on competition -- Table A.10 Barriers to domestic market entry -- Table A.11 Restrictions on foreign entry -- Table A.12 Structural separation and access regulation in network industries -- Table A.13 Command and control (conduct) regulations in professional services -- Table B.1 Summary of labor market regulations in the MENA region -- Table C.1 Results from the Women, Business and the Law Survey for the MENA region, 2020.
Sjanger	Electronic books.
ISBN	9781464817366
ISBN(galt)	9781464817359