The Cambridge handbook of smart contracts, blockchain technology and digital platforms
edited by Larry A. DiMatteo, Michel Cannarsa, Cristina Poncibò.
Bok Engelsk 2020 · Electronic books.
| Medvirkende | |
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| Utgitt | Cambridge University Press
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| Omfang | 1 online resource (xxii, 366 pages) : : digital, PDF file(s).
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| Utgave | 1st ed.
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| Opplysninger | Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 25 Oct 2019).. - Cover -- Half-title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Summary of Contents -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I General Framework: Legal and Technological -- 1 Smart Contracts and Contract Law -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Rush to Judgment: Is Additional Regulation Needed? -- 1.3 Formalism and Contextualism -- 1.3.1 Form and Context: Smart Contract -- 1.4 Enforceability of Smart Contracts -- 1.5 "Dumb, Smart Contracts" to "Smart, Smart Contracts": Issues of Completeness and Normativity -- 1.6 Coverage -- 1.6.1 Law and Technology -- 1.6.2 Smart Contracts and Contract Law -- 1.6.3 Electronic Platforms and Smart Contracts -- 1.6.4 Smart Contracts as Legally Disruptive -- 1.6.5 Technology in China -- 1.6.6 Blockchain Technology: Privacy, Security, and Data Protection Issues -- 1.6.7 Smart Contracts: Courts, Lawyers, and Consumers -- 1.6.8 Observations and Visions of Technology and the Law: Smart Contracts, Blockchain, and Artificial Intelligence -- 1.7 Conclusion -- 2 Definitions of Smart Contracts: Between Law and Code -- 2.1 Introduction: Definitions -- 2.1.1 Blockchain -- 2.1.2 (Decentralized) Smart Contracts -- 2.2 Current and Evolving Legal Framework -- 2.3 Smart Contracts and Blockchain in Action -- 2.4 Legal Questions -- 2.4.1 Assets Protected by Intellectual Property Laws? -- 2.4.2 A Form of Preemptive Self-Help? -- 2.4.3 Issues of Jurisdiction and Applicable Law -- 2.4.4 Probative Value -- 2.4.5 General Data Protection Regulation -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 Technology of Smart Contracts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 How Does a Blockchain Work? -- 3.1.2 How Does a Smart Contract Work? -- 3.2 Examples of Applications of Blockchain and Smart Contracts -- 3.2.1 Personal Data Management -- 3.2.2 Notary Services -- 3.2.3 Finance -- 3.2.4 Industry -- 3.2.5 Insurance -- 3.2.6 Government, Healthcare and Education.. - 10.4.1 Paradigm Shift From "Code Is Law" to "Law Is Code" -- 10.4.2 Regulatory Efforts -- 10.4.3 Judiciary as Last Resort -- 10.5 Online Platforms as Intermediaries -- 10.5.1 Gatekeeping Theory Revisited -- 10.5.2 Legislative History -- 10.5.3 Practice in China -- 10.5.4 Trend of Liability -- 10.6 The Way Forward -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Part IV Privacy, Security and Data Protection -- 11 Blockchain and Data Protection -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Difficulty of Identifying the Controller -- 11.3 Overview Issues Posed by Blockchain under the GDPR -- 11.4 A Different Perspective: Blockchain in Context -- 11.4.1 Blockchain is a General Purpose Technology -- 11.4.2 Blockchain as a New Global Resource -- 11.4.3 No More Middlemen? -- 11.4.4 Decentralization in a Broader Context -- 11.5 Cross-Border Enforcement and Jurisdiction Issues -- 11.6 Broader Governance Issues -- 11.7 GDPR Does Not Impose Requirements on Designers of Technology -- 11.8 Individuals as Data Subjects and as Controllers: Does This "Turn the Conceptual" GDPR Framework on Its Head? -- 11.9 Issues with Blockchain Are Not Limited to Data Protection -- 11.10 Right to Be Forgotten Is Not Absolute -- 11.11 Privacy-by-Design Options -- 11.12 Conclusion -- 12 Data Protection in Hybrid Worlds -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Traditional Approach -- 12.3 Political Choices, Policy Choices and Leading Principles -- 12.4 Data as an Object of Entitlement -- 12.5 Final Remarks -- 13 Smart Contracts: Issues of Property and Security Rights -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Overview of Legal Issues Relating to Property and Security Rights -- 13.2.1 New Items Captured by Property and Security Rights -- 13.2.2 Old Constraints Relating to Property and Security Rights -- 13.3 Prospective Proposals -- 13.3.1 Proposals for States and Public Authorities -- 13.3.2 Suggestions for Lawyers and Contracting Practices.. - 13.4 Conclusion.. - 3.2.7 Software and Internet -- 3.2.8 Sharing Economy -- 3.2.9 Social Impact -- 3.3 Mainstream Adoption of Blockchain and Smart Contracts: Open Issues -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Part II Contract Law and Smart Contracts -- 4 Formation of Smart Contracts under Contract Law -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Evolution of Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Smart Contracts -- 4.3 Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts and the Process of Contract Formation -- 4.4 The Compatibility of Smart Contracts with the Requirements of Contract Formation -- 4.4.1 Offer and Acceptance -- 4.4.2 Consideration -- 4.4.3 Intention to Create Legal Relations -- 4.4.4 Capacity -- 4.5 Conflict Areas between Smart Contracts and Traditional Contract Law -- 4.5.1 Flexible Enforceable Legal Contracts versus Firm Self-Enforcing Smart Contracts -- 4.5.2 The Different Aims of Legal Contracts and Smart Contracts -- 4.5.3 Computer Code versus Natural Language -- 4.5.4 Consumer Protection Law and (Egalitarian) Smart Contracts -- 4.6 Conclusion -- 5 Challenges of Smart Contracts: Implementing Excuses -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Characteristics of Smart Contracts -- 5.2.1 Bitcoin and Blockchain Technology -- 5.2.2 Smart Contracts -- 5.2.3 I/O Functions: Oracles -- 5.2.4 Programming Intentions and Legal Rules -- 5.3 Law of Excuse for Non-performance -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Excuses and the DCFR -- 5.3.3 German Law -- 5.3.4 French Law -- 5.3.5 English Law -- 5.3.6 Analysis -- 5.4 Implementing Excuses in Smart Contracts -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Determining the Cause of Non-performance -- 5.4.3 Determining the Attributability of the Cause -- 5.4.4 Specific Categories of Excuses -- 5.4.5 Hardship -- 5.4.6 Breach by the Other Party and Anticipatory Breach -- 5.4.7 Conclusion -- 5.5 The Limits of Smart Contracts and the Evolution of Excuses -- 5.5.1 Ex Ante Regulation versus Ex Post Adjudication.. - 5.5.2 Vague Standards and Libraries of Conditions -- 5.5.3 Relational Contracts and the Use Cases for Smart Contracts -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 6 Contract Interpretation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Law and Technology -- 6.1.2 The Smart Contracts Phenomenon -- 6.2 An Overview of Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts -- 6.2.1 Variety of Definitions -- 6.2.2 Language of Code -- 6.2.3 Physical and Virtual Environments -- 6.3 Traditional Interpretation of Smart Contracts -- 6.3.1 Traditional Interpretation -- 6.3.2 New Objects and Rules of Interpretation -- 6.4 Smart Interpretation? -- 6.4.1 Automated Interpretation -- 6.4.2 The End of Interpretation by Courts? -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 Smart Contracts: Contractual and Noncontractual Remedies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Illusion of Self-Sufficiency -- 7.1.2 Inflexibility of Smart Contracts -- 7.1.3 Smart Contracts and Remedies -- 7.2 Trust as Remedy -- 7.2.1 Architecture of Trust for Smart Contracts -- 7.3 Self-Help for Smart Contracts -- 7.4 Self-Help: Codifying, Security, Privacy, and Performance -- 7.4.1 Codifying -- 7.4.1.1 Writing Correct Smart Contracts -- 7.4.1.2 Training for Coders and Legal Engineering -- 7.4.1.3 Modifying Smart Contracts -- 7.4.1.4 Avoiding Underoptimized Smart Contracts -- 7.4.1.5 Complexity of Programming Languages -- 7.4.2 Security Issues -- 7.4.3 Privacy Issues -- 7.4.4 Performance Issues -- 7.5 Blockchain-Based Self-Help -- 7.5.1 Mining -- 7.5.2 Deposits or Escrow Services -- 7.5.3 Gossiping -- 7.5.4 Reputation -- 7.5.5 Social Repudiation -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Part III Electronic Platforms and Networks -- 8 Digital Platforms: Regulation and Liability in EU Law -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Legal Regime of the E-Commerce Directive -- 8.2.1 Liability under the E-Commerce Directive -- 8.2.2 Interplay of the E-Commerce Directive and Other Regulatory Regimes.. - 8.3 Position of the European Commission -- 8.3.1 Criteria for Establishing the Contractual Role of a Digital Platform -- 8.3.2 Assessment -- 8.4 Contract Law Approaches to Determining the Status of Digital Platforms -- 8.5 Discussion Draft of Directive on Online Intermediary Platforms -- 8.5.1 Content of Discussion Draft -- 8.5.2 Assessment -- 8.6 'Retailer-Liability' Approach to Digital Platform Liability -- 8.6.1 New Package Travel Directive as Referent -- 8.6.2 Assessment -- 8.7 Conclusion -- 9 Blockchains: A Technology for Decentralized Marketplaces -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Roadmap -- 9.2 What Are "Blockchains"? -- 9.2.1 Public Blockchains -- 9.2.2 Private Blockchains -- 9.2.3 Weighing the Risks and Benefits -- 9.3 Dissecting Decentralization -- 9.3.1 The Theory -- 9.3.2 The Technology -- 9.3.3 In Practice ... -- 9.4 Decentralization and Governance -- 9.4.1 Clarifying the Terms -- 9.4.2 The Importance of Off-Chain Governance -- 9.5 Blockchains Are ... Databases -- 9.6 Blockchains Are ... Immutable -- 9.7 The Transactional Layer: "Smart Contracts" -- 9.7.1 Problems with the Code -- 9.7.2 Encoding Obligations -- 9.7.3 Interfacing with the Real World -- 9.8 A Case Study: OpenBazaar -- 9.8.1 A Broad Description -- 9.8.2 Payment and Dispute Resolution -- 9.8.3 Control and Choice -- 9.8.4 "Pockets" of Centralization -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 10 Regulating Smart Contracts and Digital Platforms: A Chinese Perspective -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Development of Smart Contracts -- 10.2.1 Emerging Smart Contracts -- 10.2.2 Development of Smart Contracts in China -- 10.3 Challenges to Smart Contracts -- 10.3.1 Understandability and Rigidity -- 10.3.2 Revisiting the Law of Contracts -- 10.3.2.1 Formation of Contract -- 10.3.2.2 Performance and Modification -- 10.3.2.3 Enforcement, Remedies, and Dispute Resolution -- 10.4 Responses to the Challenges.. - The product of a unique collaboration between academic scholars, legal practitioners, and technology experts, this Handbook is the first of its kind to analyze the ongoing evolution of smart contracts, based upon blockchain technology, from the perspective of existing legal frameworks - namely, contract law. The book's coverage ranges across many areas of smart contracts and electronic or digital platforms to illuminate the impact of new, and often disruptive, technologies on the law. With a mix of scholarly commentary and practical application, chapter authors provide expert insights on the core issues involving the use of smart contracts, concluding that smart contracts cannot supplant contract law and the courts, but leaving open the question of whether there is a need for specialized regulations to prevent abuse. This book should be read by anyone interested in the disruptive effect of new technologies on the law generally, and contract law in particular.
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| Emner | |
| Sjanger | |
| Dewey | |
| ISBN | 1-108-59223-6. - 9781108592239
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