Modern land drainage : Planning, Design and Management of Agricultural Drainage Systems. 2nd Edition
Willem F. Vlotman
Bok · Engelsk · 2020
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| Omfang | XXX, 478 sider : fig. : ill.
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| Opplysninger | Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of tables -- List of figures -- List of boxes -- Preface -- About the authors -- PART I Introduction -- 1 Land drainage for agriculture -- 1.1 Drainage objectives -- Scope of the book -- 1.2 Global drainage zones -- 1.2.1 Temperate zone -- 1.2.2 Arid and semi-arid zone -- 1.2.3 Humid and semi-humid zone -- 1.3 Agro-hydrological -- 1.4 Waterlogging control -- 1.4.1 Positive and adverse impacts -- 1.4.2 Responses to improved drainage -- 1.5 Salinity control -- 1.6 Drainage systems -- 1.7 Bio-drainage -- 1.8 Environmental impacts -- 1.8.1 Stream flow regimes -- 1.8.2 Water quality -- 1.8.3 Wetlands and conservation drainage -- 1.8.4 Public health -- 1.9 Drainage development considerations -- 2 Planning and design considerations -- 2.1 Design rainfall -- 2.2 Percolation of excess irrigation water -- 2.3 Design of field drainage systems -- 2.4 Determination of design criteria -- 3 Remote sensing and field reconnaissance -- 3.1 Need for drainage and problem diagnosis -- 3.2 Remote sensing and aerial survey -- 3.3 Field investigations -- 3.4 Planning stakeholder engagement -- 3.5 Stages of project preparation -- 3.6 Operation, management and maintenance -- 4 Assessment of costs -- 4.1 Required information -- 4.2 Discounting -- 4.3 Evaluation indices -- 4.4 Cost evaluation of open and pipe drainage systems incl. O& -- M -- 4.5 Cost calculations for pipe drainage systems -- 4.5.1 Cost structure for pipe drainage construction -- 4.5.2 Guidelines for cost calculations -- 4.5.3 Example cost calculation -- PART II Investigations -- 5 Climate, land, soil and environment -- 5.1 Climate -- 5.1.1 Climate -- soil moisture balance calculations -- 5.1.2 Climate: rainfall depthdurationfrequency studies -- 5.2 Topography -- 5.3 Soil and land conditions -- 5.4 Soil parameters and properties.. - 12 Design discharges -- 12.1 Discharge transformation -- 12.2 Design considerations -- 12.3 Statistical analysis of observed discharges -- 12.4 Flat basins -- 12.4.1 Subsurface drainage -- 12.4.2 Shallow drainage -- 12.4.3 Further guidance for flat basins -- 12.5 Sloping basins -- 12.5.1 Rational formula -- 12.5.2 Curve number method -- 12.5.3 Synthetic hydrographs -- 12.6 Area reduction formulae -- 12.7 Discharge reduction through storage -- 12.7.1 Retention reservoirs -- 12.7.2 Canal storage -- 13 Design of drainage canals, pumps and structures -- 13.1 Drainage canals -- 13.1.1 Discharge rate -- 13.1.2 Hydraulic gradient and water levels -- 13.1.3 Permissible flow velocities -- 13.1.4 Cross-section -- 13.1.5 Roughness coefficient -- 13.1.6 Freeboard -- 13.2 Structures in drainage canals -- 13.2.1 Culverts and bridges -- 13.2.2 Weirs -- 13.2.3 Backwater curves -- 13.2.4 Example canal design -- 13.3 Tidal outlets -- 13.3.1 Local variations in tide -- 13.3.2 Discharge through a sluice -- 13.3.3 Example of calculations -- 13.4 Pumps -- 13.4.1 Types of pumps -- 13.4.2 Pumping head and characteristics -- 13.4.3 Pump selection -- 13.4.4 Sump and intake design -- 13.4.5 Power and cost calculations -- 13.4.6 Example cost calculations of an electrically driven pump -- PART V Salinity control -- 14 Soil salinity -- 14.1 Forms of occurrence and distribution of salts in the soil -- 14.1.1 The soil solution -- 14.1.2 Adsorbed cations -- 14.1.3 Equilibrium relationships -- 14.1.4 Distribution of salts in the soil -- 14.2 Agricultural impacts -- diagnosis and assessment -- 14.2.1 Osmotic problems -- 14.2.2 Toxicity problems -- 14.2.3 Dispersion problems -- 14.2.4 Corrosion problems -- 14.3 Classification -- 14.3.1 Classification systems -- 14.3.2 Field appearance -- 14.4 Conventional mapping and sampling -- 14.4.1 Sampling -- 14.4.2 Laboratory analysis.. - 14.5 New salinity measurement and mapping techniques -- 14.5.1 The EM38 -- 14.5.2 Time Domain Reflectometry -- 14.5.3 Remote Sensing methods -- 15 Irrigation induced salinisation -- 15.1 Salinisation by the applied irrigation water -- 15.2 Salinisation from the groundwater (capillary salinisation) -- 15.2.1 Critical watertable depth -- 15.2.2 Factors influencing capillary salinisation -- 15.3 Sodification -- 15.4 Salt balance of irrigated land -- 15.4.1 Leaching requirement calculations -- 15.4.2 Regional salt balances -- 15.5 Irrigation water quality -- 15.5.1 Salinity hazard -- 15.5.2 Sodicity hazard -- 15.5.3 Toxicity hazards -- 15.5.4 Examples of irrigation water quality appraisal -- 16 Drainage of irrigated land -- 16.1 Waterlogging and salinity -- 16.2 Surface drainage -- 16.3 Pipe drainage systems -- 16.3.1 Drain depth -- 16.3.2 Design criteria -- 16.3.3 Layout patterns -- 16.3.4 Pipe diameter -- 16.4 Well or vertical drainage -- 16.4.1 Types of aquifers -- 16.4.2 Design of well (vertical) drainage -- 16.5 Main drainage -- 16.5.1 Design discharge -- 16.5.2 Disposal of saline drainage water -- PART VI Special topics -- 17 Seepage and interception -- 17.1 Drainage systems for sloping land -- 17.1.1 Longitudinal drainage -- 17.1.2 Transverse drainage -- 17.2 Interception -- 17.2.1 Interception of seepage down the slope -- 17.2.2 Interception of canal seepage -- 17.3 Natural drainage of river valleys -- 17.4 Seepage into a polder -- 17.4.1 Semi-confinedflow -- 17.4.2 Phreatic flow -- 17.5 Seep zones and springs -- 18 Reclamation and drainage of unripened soils -- 18.1 The soil ripening processes -- 18.1.1 Physical ripening -- 18.1.2 Other ripening processes -- 18.2 Reclamation and drainage methods -- 18.2.1 Early reclamation stage -- 18.2.2 Development of the hydraulic conductivity (K-value) -- 18.2.3 Advanced reclamation stage.. - 5.4.1 Texture -- 5.4.2 Plasticity index -- 5.4.3 Bulk density and soil moisture content -- 5.4.4 Sample quantity and density -- 5.4.5 Data requirement for drain envelope design -- 5.5 Watertable and groundwater -- 5.5.1 Watertable observation wells -- 5.5.2 Piezometric studies -- 5.5.3 Groundwater sampling -- 5.6 Hydrology and geohydrology -- 5.6.1 Runoff and flooding -- 5.6.2 Outlet conditions -- 5.6.3 Geohydrological conditions -- 5.7 Agriculture and irrigation -- 5.8 Pilot areas and field testing -- 5.8.1 Types of pilot areas -- 5.8.2 Analysis of results of pilot areas -- 5.8.3 Visual drainage need assessment -- 5.8.4 Statistical analysis -- 5.9 Environmental impact -- 5.9.1 Environmental impact assessment -- 5.9.2 Miscellaneous investigations -- 6 Water in the soil -- 6.1 Forms and nature of occurrence of water in the soil -- 6.2 Pressures in the soil water -- 6.3 Soil moisture characteristics -- 6.4 Soil water potential and soil water movement -- 6.5 Unsaturated zone -- soil moisture constants -- 6.6 Infiltration and percolation -- 6.7 Groundwater flow -- Laplace Equation -- 7 Hydraulic conductivity -- 7.1 Laboratory measurement -- 7.2 Field measurements below the watertable -- 7.2.1 Augerhole method -- 7.2.2 Piezometer method -- 7.2.3 Drain outflow method -- 7.3 Field measurements above the watertable -- 7.3.1 Infiltrometer-method -- 7.3.2 Inverted augerhole method (Porchet method) -- 7.4 Composed K-values -- 7.5 Surveys and data processing -- PART III Systems and technology -- 8 Subsurface drainage systems -- 8.1 Pipe drain systems -- 8.2 Deep ditch systems -- 8.3 Drainpipes -- 8.4 Envelopes -- 8.4.1 Envelope need -- 8.4.2 Material selection -- 8.4.3 Envelope thickness -- 8.5 Envelope design guidelines and criteria -- 8.5.1 Granular envelopes -- 8.5.2 Organic envelopes -- 8.5.3 Synthetic envelopes -- 8.6 Structures in pipe drain systems.. - 8.6.1 Surface water inlets -- 8.6.2 Inspection, junctions and control -- 8.6.3 Crossings -- 8.6.4 Outlet of a pipe drain into a ditch or canal -- 8.6.5 Sump outlet -- 8.7 Construction of pipe drain systems -- 8.7.1 Setting out, depth and grade control -- 8.7.2 Installation methods and machinery -- 8.7.3 Construction and quality control -- 8.7.4 Timing of installation -- 8.7.5 Installation below the watertable -- 8.7.6 Backfill -- 9 Surface/shallow drainage systems -- 9.1 Bedding systems -- 9.2 Shallow ditch systems -- 9.2.1 Types of shallow ditch systems -- 9.2.2 Some technical aspects of shallow ditch systems -- 9.3 Mole drainage systems -- 9.4 Pipe drainage systems -- 9.5 Complementary measures -- 9.5.1 Sub-soiling -- 9.5.2 Deep ploughing -- 9.5.3 Chemical amendments and organic matter -- 9.5.4 Land levelling -- 10 Main drainage systems -- 10.1 Main features -- 10.1.1 Drainage basin (watershed, catchment) -- 10.1.2 Types and alignment of drainage canals -- 10.1.3 Outlet and water levels -- 10.1.4 Outlet structures -- 10.2 Lowland and upland drainage -- 10.2.1 Lowland polder -- 10.2.2 River polders -- 10.2.3 Upland discharges -- 10.2.4 Drainage of urban areas -- PART IV Design -- 11 Design of pipe drainage systems -- 11.1 Flow patterns -- 11.2 Drain spacing formulae -- 11.3 Hooghoudt formula -- 11.3.1 Use of the Hooghoudt formula -- 11.3.2 Notes on the Hooghoudt formula -- 11.3.3 Drain spacing determination in anisotropic soils -- 11.4 Non-steadystate drainage formulae -- 11.4.1 Falling watertable (Glover-Dummformula) -- 11.4.2 Fluctuating watertable (de Zeeuw and Hellinga formula) -- 11.5 Basic design criteria -- 11.5.1 Criteria for off-seasondrainage -- 11.5.2 Criteria for crop-seasondrainage -- 11.5.3 The impact of drain depth and drainable pore space -- 11.5.4 Drainage criteria determined by simulation -- 11.6 Drain depth -- 11.7 Pipe diameter.. - Modern Land Drainage 2nd edition is a fully revised and updated edition of the 2004 edition. Modern Land Drainage describes traditional drainage formulas (Hooghoudt, Kirkham, Donnan, Ernst, Glover-Dumm) for rainfed agriculture in the humid temperature zone. Significant parts are devoted to drainage for salinity control of irrigated land in (semi-) arid zones, and to drainage of rice land in the humid tropics. Institutional, management and maintenance aspects are extensively covered, as well as the mitigation of adverse impacts of drainage interventions on the environment. The latest computer applications for drainage design in the context of integrated water management are described (DRAINMOD, HEC, SWAP, etc.). Field surveys are executed by governments, with the aid of consultants, but rarely are the end stakeholders (i.e., farmers and general public) involved from inception to planning to execution of a drainage system. Yet, during the Operation, Management and Maintenance (OMM) phase of a water management system, they are expected to takeover, run, bear and be responsible for the costs of OMM. The book describes successful methodologies and processes to be followed for engagement of stakeholders at all levels, from government to farm, from minister to farmer, and, from beginning to end. The book covers all aspects needed for sustainable drainage. The latest survey methodologies with satellites and drones are suggested to assess cause and effect. Waterlogging and salinity are the effect of something caused most likely upstream of the drainage problem location. Hence treating the cause may be more cost-effective. Triple Bottom Line (social, environmental and financial considerations) and the water-food-energy nexus are an integral part of the drainage design process. Controlled drainage, i.e. the balance of removal and conservation of drainage water and minimising solute transport as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle) is extensively described. This work is intended for use both as a university level textbook and as a professional handbook; it is of particular value to professionals engaged in drainage development in the context of integrated water resources and river basin management, civil and agricultural engineers, government officials, university students and libraries.
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| Emner | |
| ISBN | 978-0-367-45866-9 (innbundet). - 978-1-003-02590-0 (ebok)
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