RAND Corporation , 2022

Introduction: Why North Korean Proliferation Activities Matter -- Road Map to the Report -- Export Control and Sanctions Regimes: Multilateral Export Control Regimes -- Sanctions -- Why Sanctions Enforcement Matters -- North Korean Sanctions Evasion Techniques: Individuals and Entities Involved -- Generating Hard Currency -- Acquiring Restricted or Dual-Use Technology -- Covert Transportation -- Covert Financing -- Conclusion -- Appendixes.. - The United Nations imposed increasingly restrictive sanctions on North Korea after each of the six nuclear weapons tests that it conducted between 2009 and 2016. However, enforcement of those sanctions has been mixed. In this report, the author describes the origins of North Korea's hostility toward the West in the Korean War, the behaviors that led that country to continue to be regarded as hostile and aggressive, and the multilateral arms control mechanisms available and sanctions regimes imposed on North Korea to contain its proliferation activities and bring that country back into compliance with international law. The author then details the various entities involved in North Korean sanctions evasion activities and proceeds to use case studies to illustrate North Korea's principal sanctions evasion techniques in four general areas of sanctions evasion activity: hard-currency generation, restricted and dual-use technology acquisition, covert transport, and covert finance. The report is intended as a reference and learning tool for the wide variety of practitioners who form touch points with the global North Korean sanctions evasion ecosystem.

Korea (North) - Foreign economic relations. . - Korea (North) - International status. . - Korea (North) : (OCoLC)fst01214151

327.1/17095193